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ouword{var newwords;newwords = unescapewords;document.writenewwords;} ouword; 1 引言 温度控制阀是一种不需要外接能源,而由热敏元件吸收调节对象的能量并将之转换为机械能,按照一定的调节规律工作的自动温度控制器。由于其良好的感温性能,能在较低的感应滞后量条件下,按照设定的调节规律进行单向或多向工作,满足阀门单向调节及多向分流的工况,已在热电、核电、钢铁、石化等行业广泛的使用,可以替代温度控制中的电动、液压、气动和磁力调节阀门。 在自力式温度控制阀门中,一类是直接依靠热敏元件内感温材料的膨胀力驱动阀门开启,特点是结构简单,但是,调节阀关闭力受调节介质的压力影响较大,阀位随压力波动而有所波动,温度控制精度受到限制。另一类则是应用热敏元件控制一个指挥器,并由指挥器操作调节阀工作。此类自力式温度控制阀的工作动力不仅是热敏元件吸收的动能,还有调节介质的动能。热敏元件仅控制一个指挥器的输出信号,负载较小,元件使用寿命长,但对调节介质要求较高。在调节介质纯净的环境中,使用此类阀门可有效地提高控温精度。 自力式温度控制阀调节机构的核心组件为热敏元件和调节弹簧,在济南炼油厂,科研人员选用ti-ni系形状记忆合金作为热敏元件,并对调节弹簧进行了优化设计,开发了一种新型的温控调节阀门,目前已经应用在动力、催化、聚丙烯等车间,替代同类型的国外进口产品,达到*水平。 2 热敏元件的设计 形状记忆合金具有感温和驱动两种功能,是一种性能优良的热敏材料。温度变化时,合金元件产生动作的来源是基于合金中发生的母相与马氏体之间的正、逆转变,这种转变是一种无扩散的切变过程,并且在转变时,两相始终保持共格关系,即热弹性马氏体。它具有单程和双程记忆效应。 目前发现具有记忆效应的合金已有数十种之多,可投入使用的主要是ni-ti及铜基合金两大类,其主要性能(1)见下表。 名称 | ni-ti合金 | cuzna1合金 | 密度(g/cm3) | 6.4~6.5 | 7.7~8.0 | 电阻(10-6ωcm,与温度有关) | 50~110 | 9~11 | 抗拉强度(n/m2) | 800~1000 | 400~700 | 延伸率,% | 40~50 | 10~15 | 形状恢复率,% | | | 单程 | 6~8 | 4 | 双程 | 4 | 1~2 | 恢复应力(n/m2)max | 300 | 350 |
从上表可以看出,ni-ti合金性能明显优于cuz-na1合金,在温度控制阀中,热敏元件承受大载荷,故选用ni-ti合金作为感温材料。根据温度控制阀的工况要求,热敏元件热滞后量小于1℃。 3 调节机构的弹簧优化设计 调节弹簧是自力式温度控制阀门中的重要组件,其性能的优劣直接影响到阀瓣的提升和回位,由于受到交变载荷的作用,其性能参数的设计就显得更为重要。本文对自力式温度控制阀门中的弹簧进行了优化设计。 弹簧的优化设计可采用解析数值、几何规划、单调分析、随机约束和线性规划的方法。由于线性规划法(2)简单、快速而且数值解稳定,具有*解的特性,因此,本文采用线性规划的方法进行弹簧的优化设计。 以弹簧钢丝直径d,中径d和工作圈数n为设计变量,以弹簧重量zui轻为目标函数,其强度和刚度、旋绕比c、设计变量的上下界为自然的约束,其数学模型如下: 设计变量 x=[x1,x2,x3]7=[ind,ind,inn]7 极小化目标函数 强制约束条件 (1)强度: (2)刚度: (3)旋绕比: 自然约束条件 在本结构中,调节弹簧材料为50crva钢丝,许用剪应力[τ]=396.9mpa,切变模量g=78.4gpa,弹簧的刚度为k=4300n/m,重度ρ=7.6×104n/m3,旋绕比c≤12,阀瓣要求zui大开度时弹簧变形=21mm,zui大f=260n,优化结果经圆整后为: d=3mm d=18mm n=8mm 4 结论 本文所介绍的自力式温度控制阀选用ni-ti合金作为感温元件,对调节机构的弹簧进行了优化设计,*了实际工况的需要,通过实际运行,证明该温度控制阀设计的合理性,可以替代同类进口产品,降低生产成本。 参考文献 [1] 程饴萱 陈继勤 李铭棠形状记忆合金与热双金属片特性的比较.机构设计与制造工程.1994(3):32~36 [2] 关春来圆柱螺旋弹簧优化设计的一种算法洛阳工学院学报 1991(12):41~44 |